Which of the following are common symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is characterized by a range of symptoms that arise after experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event. The correct choice includes symptoms that are widely recognized as part of PTSD.

Flashbacks are intense, involuntary recollections of the traumatic event that can make individuals feel as though they are reliving the experience. Avoidance of reminders is another significant symptom; individuals may go to great lengths to avoid places, people, or activities that trigger memories of the trauma. Heightened arousal refers to a state of increased emotional sensitivity, which can manifest as irritability, difficulty sleeping, or an exaggerated startle response. These symptoms reflect the persistent impact of trauma on an individual’s mental state and behavior, central to the diagnosis of PTSD.

In contrast, options that describe excessive energy and happiness, overconfidence and risk-taking behavior, or constant vigilance and social withdrawal do not accurately encapsulate the typical PTSD experience. While social withdrawal can be a symptom associated with trauma, it is far broader than the specific cluster of symptoms identified in the correct answer. Each symptom set in the incorrect options lacks the defining features of PTSD symptoms. The chosen symptoms effectively represent the hallmark challenges faced by those living with PTSD, aligning with established psychological understanding and diagnostic